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C Programming Language

Why C Programming Language In Important ?

The C Language is currently one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. Designed as a 
tool for creating operating systems (the first Unix systems were constructed with its help), it quickly proved 
that it is suitable wherever you need high performance, speed, compactness and portability. Even though 
shortly after its release it was followed by a worthy descendant, the C + + language, it did not lose its 
importance, and it remains an essential tool for developers and designers in many applications.

 

Whenever a code strongly associated with the operation of equipment is created, the C language proves its
flexibility and adaptability. Network card drivers, graphics card software, operating systems and
micro-controllers – these things can be found all around you, on your desk and in your car, in the kitchen and
in the garage, simply everywhere intelligent electronics functions – you are sure to find the work of
programmers who write in “C”. The heart of Linux is nearly 15 million lines of code in “C”. There is no better
evidence for the language’s longevity.

 

Even in places where modern software with much more powerful abilities works, the C language was, is and 
will be present, because it is the language in which run-times (run-time environments) are written, 
responsible for performance, economical memory usage and reliability. The “C” language niche extends from 
single-chip microcomputers controlling your coffee machine, to your laptop onto which you have just 
installed the latest graphics card drivers, to supercomputers that forecast the weather for your desired 
holiday. 

o Milestones: ANSI C, C89, C95, C99, C11
o Obsolete (but still valid) language elements
o How have function declarations changed over time?
o Trigraphs and digraphs
o New C11 keywords:
▪ _Noreturn, _Alignof and _Alignas, _Bool
▪ _Exit, _Complex, _Pragma, _ _func_ _ , _Generic
o Strengths and Weaknesses of C

o Directives
o Functions
o Statements
o Printing Strings

o Character Types
o Integer Types
o Integer Overflow
o Floating Types

o Types of C Constants

o Console Input and Output
o Concept of streams
o String input and output function
o Formatted input and output functions
o Format modifiers

o If Construct
o Nested If Construct
o Switch Case Construct

o For loop
o While loop
o Do while loop

o Return statement
o Break statement
o Continue statement
o Exit () function
o Go to & labels

o What is a function?
o Why use function
o Function Prototype
o Return statement
o Actual and formal arguments
o Local variables
o Global variables
o Invoking Function
▪ Call by Value
▪ Call by Reference
o Recursive Function
o General Purpose function
o Inline code
o Function returning a pointer
o Function as argument to function

o Features of C Preprocessor
o Macro expansion
o File inclusion
o # Include
o # define
o Conditional Compilation Directives
▪ # if, # else, #elif, #endif, # ifdef, #ifndef, #undef
o #pragma (intro)
o Macros versus functions

o Lifetime and visibility of variables
o Automatic storage class
o External storage class
o Static storage class
o Register storage class

o What are arrays?
o Defining an array
o Subscripts and dimensions
o Array Initialization
o Single dimensional and two-dimensional arrays
o String / Character arrays

o What are pointers?
o Use of Pointers
o Pointer variables
o Pointer operators
o Pointer Arithmetic
o Pointer Comparison
o Pointers as argument to function
o Array using pointers (single dimensional and two dimensional)
o Array of pointers
o Pointer to an array
o Multiple indirection

o manipulating memory blocks
▪ aligned_alloc(), calloc(), malloc(), realloc(), free()
o string manipulation:
▪ strchr(), strrchr(), strstr(), strtok(),
▪ qsort(), bsearch()
▪ bcopy(), memcpy(), memccpy(), memmove(), bzero(), memset(), memcmp()

o Defining a structure
o Declaring structure variables
o Accessing structure elements
o Initializing structures
o Assignment statements used with structures
o Passing structures as arguments
o Array of structures
o Initialization of structure arrays
o Pointers to structures
o Structure pointers as arguments
o Defining unions and accessing the elements
o Unions of structures

o Linear Searching
o Binary Search

o Streams and Files
o Text and binary streams
o Basic file functions

o calling conventions,
o passing parameters,
o stack usage, stack frame,
o returning a value,
o va_start(), va_arg() , va_end(), va_copy()

o Bubble Sort
o Insertion sort
o Selection sort

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